Disorders of Eyelid, Lacrimal System and Orbit
Disorders of conjunctiva, Disorders of lens, Disorders of choroid and retina, Glaucoma, Disorders of vitreous body and globe, Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Visual disturbances and blindness etc.

An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to "open" the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. "Palpebral" (and "blepharo") means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies.

Disorders of Sclera, Cornea, Iris and Ciliary Body

• Scleritis — a painful inflammation of the sclera
• Keratitis — inflammation of the cornea
• Corneal ulcer / Corneal abrasion — loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye's cornea
• Snow blindness / Arc eye — a painful condition caused by exposure of unprotected eyes to bright light
• Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
• Corneal neovascularization
• Fuchs' dystrophy — cloudy morning vision
• Keratoconus — the cornea thins and changes shape to be more like a cone than a parabole
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eyes
• Iritis — inflammation of the iris
• Uveitis — inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye; Sympathetic ophthalmia is a subset.

Disorders of lens

• the lens becomes opaque

Disorders of choroid and retina

• Retinal detachment — the retina detaches from the choroid, leading to blurred and distorted vision
• Retinoschisis — the retina separates into several layers and may detach
• Hypertensive retinopathy — burst blood vessels, due to long-term high blood pressure
• Diabetic retinopathy damage to the retina caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness
• Retinopathy — general term referring to non-inflammatory damage to the retina
• Retinopathy of prematurity — scarring and retinal detachment in premature babies
• Age-related macular degeneration — the photosensitive cells in the macula malfunction and over time cease to work
• Macular degeneration — loss of central vision, due to macular degeneration
• Retinitis pigmentosa — genetic disorder; tunnel vision preceded by night-blindness
• Macular edema — distorted central vision, due to a swollen macula

Glaucoma

• Glaucoma — optic neuropathy

Disorders of vitreous body and globe

• Floaters — shadow-like shapes which appear singly or together with several others in the field of vision

Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways

• Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy — genetic disorder; loss of central vision

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

• Strabismus (Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) — the eyes do not point in the same direction
• Ophthalmoparesis — the partial or total paralysis of the eye muscles
• Progressive external ophthalmoplegia — weakness of the external eye muscles
• Esotropia — the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed
• Exotropia — the tendency for eyes to look outward

Disorders of refraction and accommodation

• Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) — the inability to focus on near objects (and in extreme cases, any objects)
• Myopia (Nearsightedness) — distant objects appear blurred
• Astigmatism — the cornea or the lens of the eye is not perfectly spherical, resulting in different focal points in different planes
• Anisometropia — the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths
• Presbyopia — a condition that occurs with growing age and results in the inability to focus on close objects .

Disorders of accommodation

• Internal ophthalmoplegia

Sr	Sub Group	Generic Prescription (Rx) Drugs	Generic Prescription (Rx) Drugs In Treatment Of	Common Brand Name for Generic Prescription (Rx) Drugs
1.	OCULAR ANTIINFECTIVES	ACICLOVIR	Treatment of Herpes simplex Keratitis	Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, Zovir
		CHLORAMPHENICOL	Treatment of Eye infection	Alficetyn, Amphicol, Biomicin, Chloramex, Vernacetin, Medicom, Chlosig, Cipro
		CIPROFLOXACIN	Treatment of superficial ocular infections eg. Corneal Ulcers, Conjunctivitis	Ciloxan, Cipro
		FRAMYCETIN	Conjuctivitis, Beleharitis, Styes, Dacrocystitis, Rosacea conjunctivitis & Keratitis, Scleritis, Episcleritis, Iritis, Iridocycletis, other ocular infections	Soframycin, Sofra-Tulle
		GATIFLOXACIN	Conjunctivitis	Gatiflo, Tequin, Zymar
		GENTAMICIN	Treatment of superficial infections of Eye
		LOMEFLOXACIN	Treatment of Bacterial Conjuctivitis	Maxaquin, Okavyn, Uniquin
		NATAMYCIN	Treatment of Belpharitis ;Conjunctivitis and Keratitis	Pimaricin
		NORFLOXACIN	Treatment of various Eye infections
		OFLOXACIN	Treatment of Eye infection
		OXYTETRACYCLINE	Treatment of superficial Bacterial infections of Eye
		PEFLOXACIN	Conjuctivitis, Keratitis, Blepharoconjunctivitis Dacryocystitis, Meibomiantitis, Before and after ocular surgery, Traumatic infections
		POLYMYXIN-B	Treatment of Eye infection due to susceptible Organism
		SILVER SULFADIAZINE	Bacterial or Fungal Conjunctivitis, Blepharitis, Keratitis and other infective Eye Condition
		SISOMICIN	Conjuctivitis, Keratitis, Blepharoconjunctivitis Dacryocystitis, Meibomiantitis, Before and after ocular surgery, Traumatic infections
		SULFACETAMIDE	Treatment of Eye infections
		TOBRAMYCIN	Treatment of Eye infections
2.	OCULAR ANTIINFLAMMATORIES & ANTI ALLERGICS	AZELASTINE	Treatment of Conjunctivitis
		BETAMETHASONE	Local treatment of Eye infections	Lotrisone, Diprosone
		CROMOGLYCIC ACID	Treatment of Allergic Conjuctivititis
		DEXAMETHASONE	Treatment of Opthalmic Disorders	Dexacort, Aurizon
		DICLOFENAC	NSAID
		DICLOFENAC + GENTAMICIN	NSAID	Voltoren, Abitren, Cataflom , Diclox, Diclon, Difen, Flector, Patch
		FLUOROMETHOLONE	Treatment of Steroid response inflamatory condition of te Eye	Florex
		FLURBIPROFEN	Prevention of Miosis during Ocular Surgery	Ansaid, Froben
		HYDROCORTISONE	Soft tissue inflammation	Cortisol
		KETOROLAC TROMETAMOL	Reief of ocular itching associated w/ seasonal allergic Conjunctivitis	Toradol, Acular
		KETOTIFEN	Treatment of Conjunctivitis	Zaditor, Alaway
		LOTEPREDNOL	Symptomatic relief of Allergic Conjunctivitis	Lotemax
3.	DRUGS FOR GLAUCOMA	ACETAZOLAMIDE	Treatment of Open angle Glaucoma, Pre-opeartive management of angle closure Glaucoma	Diamox
		BETAXOLOL	AntiGlaucoma	Betaptic, Betoptic S, Lokren, Kerolone
		BRIMONIDINE	AntiGlaucoma	Alphagon, Alphagon P
		DIPIVEFRINE	Reduction in IOP in patients w/ open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular HTN	Dipivenfrin
		DORZOLAMIDE	Oculat HTN;Open angle Glaucoma	Trusopt
		LATANOPROST	Ocular HTN;Open angle Glaucoma	Xaloton
		LEVOBUNOLOL	Reduction in IOP in patients w/ open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular HTN	Ak-Beta, Betagon
		PILOCARPINE	Cholinomimetic	Diocarpine, Isoplo Carpine, Micro Carpine, Salagen
		TIMOLOL	Reduction in IOP in patients w/ open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular HTN	Timoptol, Timoptic, Apo-Timol, Apo Timop, Bentimol, Blocadren, Istalol, Timoptic
4.	MYDRIATICS, CYCLOPLEGICS & MIOTICS	CICLOPENTOLATE	Produce Mydriasis and Cycloplegia for Opthalmic Diagnosis
		TROPICAMIDE	Production of Mydriasis	Mydriacyl

A. Drugs for Glucoma:
Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Although raised intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma, there is no set threshold for intraocular pressure that causes glaucoma. One person may develop nerve damage at a relatively low pressure, while another person may have high eye pressure for years and yet never develop damage. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness. Eamples of Drugs for Glucoma are as follows:

Brand Names	Generic Prescription (Rx) Drugs
betagen	levobundol

b. Ocular Antiinfectives:
Ocular Antiinfectives are used to treat one type of eye infection. Examples of Ocular Antiinfectives are as follows:

Brand Names	Generic Prescription (Rx) Drugs
sandimmune	cyclosporin